鵜飼 卓，山本 保博
要旨
カンボジア難民救援医療に始まったわが国の国際災害救援医療活動の歴史を振り返り，日本政府が全面的にサポートして始まった日本国際救急医療チーム（JMTDR）の誕生から初期の活動，活動を通じて得た教訓，教訓にもとづく組織の改革，日本赤十字を含むNGOの国際貢献などについて，過去から現在の災害分野における国際医療協力の概略を紹介した。また，この分野における残された課題，将来への展望についても若干論究した。（本論文の主旨は，第17回日本国際保健医療学会にて特別講演として発表したものである）。
Past, present and future of International Disaster Medical Relief from Japan
Takashi Ukai, and Yasuhiro Yamamoto
Abstracｔ
A great number of medical staff from many developed countries rushed to the refugee camps on the Thai-Cambodian border responding to the relief appeal from the United Nations in autumn, 1979. There were few Japanese medical experts among them in the early stage, even though the tragedy occurred in Asia. At the end of 1979, the Japanese government made a decision to send medical teams (JMT) to the refugee camps. This was the first step of international disaster medical relief from Japan, and in total, 469 medical personnel were dispatched to the refugee camps in three years. With the lessons learned from JMT activities, an organization named Japan Medical Team for Disaster Relief (JMTDR) was established in 1982 with the support of the Japanese Government.
The first dispatch of JMTDR was to Ethiopia for the relief of the famine-affected people in 1984 and the second was to Mexico City after the big earthquake in 1985, followed by the third to Colombia after the mud flow disaster.
As the necessity of urban search and rescue teams in disaster relief was recognized at the Mexico earthquake, comprehensive governmental organization "JDR" was developed and defined by law in 1987, in which medical teams (JMTDR), rescue teams and technological expert teams were included. In 1989, the Japan Self Defense Force was added to the members of JDR.
Apart from governmental organizations, the Japan Red Cross Society (JRCS) has executed extensive relief operations under the umbrella of ICRC/FRCS. In the last ten years, more than 400 JRCS personnel were dispatched to disaster areas all over the world and the total amount of donations through JRCS exceeds 16 billion yen.
The Cambodian refugee problem also triggered the establishment of non-governmental organizations such as Japan Volunteer Center (JVC), Services for Health in Asia and Africa Regions (SHARE) and Asia Medical Doctors' Association (AMDA). These NGOs are now playing their role not only in the medical services after the emergency period but also in the phases of rehabilitation and social development.
Recently, other NGOs such as the Japan Branch of MSF (Medicins Sans Frontieres), Medical Relief Unit, Japan (Me-RU), Japan Platform, and Humanitarian Medical Assistance (HuMA) were established and these NGOs are trying to shake hands and collaborate in the relief programs. Closer collaboration among NGOs and civilian-military cooperation in this field is anticipated in the future. Necessity, significance, and problems of international disaster medical relief services are also discussed in this paper.
Key words : -International disaster relief, International medical cooperation, JMTDR, Japan Red Cross Society, Non-governmental organizations